Considering the overall conditions and their influence on inmates, it is important to distinguish three major strata of Gulag inmates: 1999.Andrea Graziosi. Steven Rosefielde. It seems that a resultant of these objective departmental interests was a sufficient degree of reliability of the reports.Between 1990 and 1992, the first precise statistical data on the Gulag based on the Gulag archives were published by In response, Zemskov wrote that the charge that Zemskov allegedly did not compare new data with already known information could not be called fair. It would be virtually impossible to reflect the entire mass of Gulag facilities on a map that would also account for the various times of their existence.Since many of these existed only for short periods, the number of camp administrations at any given point was lower. Sometimes it took several waves of colonists before any one group survived to establish the camp.to date, Russian historians have discovered and described 476 camps that existed at different times on the territory of the USSR. The site on the With the new emphasis on Gulag as the means of concentrating cheap labour, new camps were then constructed throughout the Soviet sphere of influence, wherever the economic task at hand dictated their existence (or was designed specifically to avail itself of them, such as the The majority of Gulag camps were positioned in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia (the best known clusters are Not all camps were fortified; some in Siberia were marked only by posts.

Its cultural impact was enormous.

In addition to the large numbers of camps, there were no less than 2,000 colonies. The Postwar Population of the Soviet Union. The decrement in food would have been accompanied by an increase in mortality that would have led to wrecking of the vast production program of the Gulag. Robert Conquest. An Assessment of the Sources and Uses of Gulag Forced Labour 1929–56. Kulak (/ ˈ k uː l æ k /; Russian: кула́к, tr. In addition, scarcity of machinery and tools plagued the camps, and the tools that the camps did have quickly broke. Translations [ edit ] Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 P.146Mark Elliott. The Gulag has become a major influence on contemporary Russian thinking, and an important part of modern Another cultural phenomenon in the Soviet Union linked with the Gulag was the forced migration of many artists and other people of culture to Siberia.

This resulted in the government having to give rations to a group of people they were getting hardly any use out of, and was just costing the Soviet government money. Демографические потери от репрессий (The Demographic Loss of Repression), Demoscope Weekly, December 31, 2007, Edwin Bacon. ‘The Gulag was Soviet society reflected in a nightmarishly distorted mirror and it was only when the communist system ceased to function that the camps disappeared altogether.’ ‘Yet you say some of the worst atrocities, such as the Soviet Gulag and the Cultural Revolution, were committed in the name of secularism.’ Prisoners in the camps faced harsh working conditions. Labor and Output in Soviet Concentration Camps. Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II. To meet rising demand, prisoners worked longer and longer hours, and on lower food-rations than ever before. Gulag definition is - the penal system of the U.S.S.R. consisting of a network of labor camps; also : labor camp.

The Gulag or GULAG (Russian: ГУЛАГ; acronym for Glavnoe upravlenie lagerei, Главное управление лагерей, 'Main Directorate of Camps') was the government agency in charge of the Soviet network of forced-labour camps set up by order of Vladimir Lenin, reaching its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s.

12=Applebaum, Anne. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. With fewer able-bodied workers and few supplies from outside the camp system, camp administrators had to find a way to maintain production. At first, transportation remained a priority. One Soviet report stated that, in early 1933, up to 15% of the prison population in The convicts in such camps were actively involved in all kinds of labour with one of them being In the early days of Gulag, the locations for the camps were chosen primarily for the isolated conditions involved. Anchor, 2003, pp. On the other hand, overstatement of data of the number of prisoners also did not comply with departmental interests, because it was fraught with the same (i.e., impossible) increase in production tasks set by planning bodies. The NKVD employed a system of setting unrealistically high production goals, straining resources in an attempt to encourage higher productivity. Besides a wide array of punishments for prisoners refusing to work (which, in practice, were sometimes applied to prisoners that were too enfeebled to meet A distinctive incentive scheme that included both coercive and motivational elements and was applied universally in all camps consisted in standardised "nourishment scales": the size of the inmates' ration depended on the percentage of the work quota delivered.

This resulted in a Renaissance of sorts in places like Many eyewitness accounts of Gulag prisoners have been published: During evacuations, machinery received priority, leaving prisoners to reach safety on foot.